@article {6358,
	title = {Hox gene Ultrabithorax regulates distinct sets of target genes at successive stages of Drosophila haltere morphogenesis.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Feb 15},
	pages = {2855-60},
	abstract = {<p>Hox genes encode highly conserved transcription factors that regionalize the animal body axis by controlling complex developmental processes. Although they are known to operate in multiple cell types and at different stages, we are still missing the batteries of genes targeted by any one Hox gene over the course of a single developmental process to achieve a particular cell and organ morphology. The transformation of wings into halteres by the Hox gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) in Drosophila melanogaster presents an excellent model system to study the Hox control of transcriptional networks during successive stages of appendage morphogenesis and cell differentiation. We have used an inducible misexpression system to switch on Ubx in the wing epithelium at successive stages during metamorphosis{\textendash}in the larva, prepupa, and pupa. We have then used extensive microarray expression profiling and quantitative RT-PCR to identify the primary transcriptional responses to Ubx. We find that Ubx targets range from regulatory genes like transcription factors and signaling components to terminal differentiation genes affecting a broad repertoire of cell behaviors and metabolic reactions. Ubx up- and down-regulates hundreds of downstream genes at each stage, mostly in a subtle manner. Strikingly, our analysis reveals that Ubx target genes are largely distinct at different stages of appendage morphogenesis, suggesting extensive interactions between Hox genes and hormone-controlled regulatory networks to orchestrate complex genetic programs during metamorphosis.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Cluster Analysis, Developmental, Drosophila, Drosophila Proteins, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Regulatory Networks, Homeodomain Proteins, In Situ Hybridization, Life Cycle Stages, Microarray Analysis, Morphogenesis, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transcription Factors, Wing},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1015077108},
	author = {Pavlopoulos, Anastasios and Akam, Michael}
}
