@article {2079, title = {Live-cell photoactivated localization microscopy of nanoscale adhesion dynamics.}, journal = {Nature Methods}, volume = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 May}, pages = {417-23}, abstract = {

We demonstrate live-cell super-resolution imaging using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). The use of photon-tolerant cell lines in combination with the high resolution and molecular sensitivity of PALM permitted us to investigate the nanoscale dynamics within individual adhesion complexes (ACs) in living cells under physiological conditions for as long as 25 min, with half of the time spent collecting the PALM images at spatial resolutions down to approximately 60 nm and frame rates as short as 25 s. We visualized the formation of ACs and measured the fractional gain and loss of individual paxillin molecules as each AC evolved. By allowing observation of a wide variety of nanoscale dynamics, live-cell PALM provides insights into molecular assembly during the initiation, maturation and dissolution of cellular processes.

Commentary: The first example of true live cell and time lapse imaging by localization microscopy (as opposed to particle tracking), this paper uses the Nyquist criterion to establish a necessary condition for true spatial resolution based on the density of localized molecules {\textendash} a condition often unmet in claims elsewhere in the superresolution literature.
By any method, higher spatiotemporal resolution requires increasing light exposure at the specimen, making noninvasive imaging increasingly difficult. Here, simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging is used to establish that cells behave physiologically before, during, and after PALM imaging. Similar controls are lacking from many supposed {\textquotedblleft}live cell{\textquotedblright} superresolution demonstrations.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Adhesion, Cell Survival, CHO Cells, Computer-Assisted, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Image Processing, Microscopy, Nanotechnology, Paxillin, Protein Transport, Staining and Labeling}, issn = {1548-7105}, doi = {10.1038/nmeth.1202}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18408726}, author = {Shroff, Hari and Galbraith, Catherine G and Galbraith, James A and Betzig, Eric} }