@article {45038,
	title = {Reconciling the deep homology of neuromodulation with the evolution of behavior.},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology},
	volume = {29C},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 May 27},
	pages = {39-47},
	abstract = {<p>The evolution of behavior seems inconsistent with the deep homology of neuromodulatory signaling. G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) evolved slowly from a common ancestor through a process involving gene duplication, neofunctionalization, and loss. Neuropeptides co-evolved with their receptors and exhibit many conserved functions. Furthermore, brain areas are highly conserved with suggestions of deep anatomical homology between arthropods and vertebrates. Yet, behavior evolved more rapidly; even members of the same genus or species can differ in heritable behavior. The solution to the paradox involves changes in the compartmentalization, or subfunctionalization, of neuromodulation; neurons shift their expression of GPCRs and the content of monoamines and neuropeptides. Furthermore, parallel evolution of neuromodulatory signaling systems suggests a route for repeated evolution of similar behaviors.</p>
},
	issn = {1873-6882},
	doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2014.05.002},
	author = {Katz, Paul S and Lillvis, Joshua L}
}
