@article {45182,
	title = {Kainate receptors mediate signaling in both transient and sustained OFF bipolar cell pathways in mouse retina.},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Apr 30},
	pages = {6128-39},
	abstract = {<p>A fundamental question in sensory neuroscience is how parallel processing is implemented at the level of molecular and circuit mechanisms. In the retina, it has been proposed that distinct OFF cone bipolar cell types generate fast/transient and slow/sustained pathways by the differential expression of AMPA- and kainate-type glutamate receptors, respectively. However, the functional significance of these receptors in the intact circuit during light stimulation remains unclear. Here, we measured glutamate release from mouse bipolar cells by two-photon imaging of a glutamate sensor (iGluSnFR) expressed on postsynaptic amacrine and ganglion cell dendrites. In both transient and sustained OFF layers, cone-driven glutamate release from bipolar cells was blocked by antagonists to kainate receptors but not AMPA receptors. Electrophysiological recordings from bipolar and ganglion cells confirmed the essential role of kainate receptors for signaling in both transient and sustained OFF pathways. Kainate receptors mediated responses to contrast modulation up to 20 Hz. Light-evoked responses in all mouse OFF bipolar pathways depend on kainate, not AMPA, receptors.</p>
},
	keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Drug Interactions, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Female, Glutamic Acid, Hexamethonium, Light, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nicotinic Antagonists, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Photic Stimulation, Propionates, Receptors, Kainic Acid, Retina, Retinal Bipolar Cells, Signal Transduction, Visual Pathways},
	issn = {1529-2401},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4941-13.2014},
	author = {Borghuis, Bart G and Looger, Loren L and Tomita, Susumu and Demb, Jonathan B}
}
