@article {65029,
	title = {An intra-cerebral drug delivery system for freely moving animals.},
	journal = {Biomed Microdevices},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Oct 01},
	pages = {799-809},
	abstract = {<p>Microinfusions of drugs directly into the central nervous system of awake animals represent a widely used means of unravelling brain functions related to behaviour. However, current approaches generally use tethered liquid infusion systems and a syringe pump to deliver drugs into the brain, which often interfere with behaviour. We address this shortfall with a miniaturised electronically-controlled drug delivery system (20 {\texttimes} 17.5 {\texttimes} 5 mm{\textthreesuperior}) designed to be skull-mounted in rats. The device features a micropump connected to two 8-mm-long silicon microprobes with a cross section of 250 {\texttimes} 250 μm{\texttwosuperior} and integrated fluid microchannels. Using an external electronic control unit, the device allows infusion of 16 metered doses (0.25 μL each, 8 per silicon shaft). Each dosage requires 3.375 Ws of electrical power making the device additionally compatible with state-of-the-art wireless headstages. A dosage precision of 0.25 {\textpm} 0.01 μL was determined in vitro before in vivo tests were carried out in awake rats. No passive leakage from the loaded devices into the brain could be detected using methylene blue dye. Finally, the device was used to investigate the effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist 3-((R)-2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid, (R)-CPP, administered directly into the prefrontal cortex of rats during performance on a task to assess visual attention and impulsivity. In agreement with previous findings using conventional tethered infusion systems, acute (R)-CPP administration produced a marked increase in impulsivity.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Drug Delivery Systems, Equipment Design, Impulsive Behavior, Microinjections, Piperazines, Rats, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate},
	issn = {1572-8781},
	doi = {10.1007/s10544-012-9659-2},
	author = {Spieth, Sven and Schumacher, Axel and Holtzman, Tahl and Rich, P Dylan and Theobald, David E and Dalley, Jeffrey W and Nouna, Rachid and Messner, Stephan and Zengerle, Roland}
}
