@article {68967,
	title = {All-optical reporting of chloride ion driving force in the nervous system},
	journal = {bioRxiv},
	year = {2023},
	month = {2023 Sep 01},
	abstract = {<p>Ionic driving forces provide the net electromotive force for ion movement across membranes and are therefore a fundamental property of all cells. In the nervous system, chloride driving force (DFCl) determines inhibitory signaling, as fast synaptic inhibition is mediated by chloride-permeable GABAA\&nbsp;and glycine receptors. Here we present a new tool for all-Optical Reporting of CHloride Ion Driving force (ORCHID). We demonstrate ORCHID{\textquoteright}s ability to provide accurate, high-throughput measurements of resting and dynamic DFCl\&nbsp;from genetically targeted cell types over a range of timescales. ORCHID confirms theoretical predictions about the biophysical mechanisms that establish DFCl, reveals novel differences in DFCl\&nbsp;between neurons and astrocytes under different network conditions, and affords the first\&nbsp;<em>in vivo</em>\&nbsp;measurements of intact DFCl\&nbsp;in mouse cortical neurons. This work extends our understanding of chloride homeostasis and inhibitory synaptic transmission and establishes a precedent for utilizing all-optical methods to assess ionic driving force.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1101/2023.08.30.555464},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.30.555464},
	author = {Joshua S. Selfe and Teresa J. S. Steyn and Eran F. Shorer and Richard J. Burman and Kira M. D{\"u}sterwald and Ahmed S. Abdelfattah and Eric R. Schreiter and Sarah E. Newey and Colin J. Akerman and Joseph V. Raimondo}
}
