@article {65604,
	title = {Nanoscopic visualization of restricted nonvolume cholinergic and monoaminergic transmission with genetically encoded sensors.},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020 Jun},
	pages = {4073-83},
	abstract = {<p>How neuromodulatory transmitters diffuse into the extracellular space remains an unsolved fundamental biological question, despite wide acceptance of the volume transmission model. Here, we report development of a method combining genetically encoded fluorescent sensors with high-resolution imaging and analysis algorithms which permits the first direct visualization of neuromodulatory transmitter diffusion at various neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Our analysis reveals that acetylcholine and monoamines diffuse at individual release sites with a spread length constant of \~{}0.75 μm. These transmitters employ varied numbers of release sites, and when spatially close-packed release sites coactivate they can spillover into larger subcellular areas. Our data indicate spatially restricted (i.e., nonvolume) neuromodulatory transmission to be a prominent intercellular communication mode, reshaping current thinking of control and precision of neuromodulation crucial for understanding behaviors and diseases.</p>
},
	issn = {1530-6992},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04877},
	author = {Zhu, Paula K and Zheng, W Sharon and Zhang, Peng and Jing, Miao and Borden, Philip M and Ali, Farhan and Guo, Kaiming and Feng, Jiesi and Marvin, Jonathan S and Wang, Yali and Wan, Jinxia and Gan, Li and Kwan, Alex C and Lin, Li and Looger, Loren L and Li, Yulong and Zhang, Yajun}
}
