@article {68565,
	title = {Behavioral state-dependent modulation of insulin-producing cells in Drosophila.},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2023},
	month = {2023 Feb 06},
	pages = {449},
	abstract = {<p>Insulin signaling plays a pivotal role in metabolic control and aging, and insulin accordingly is a key factor in several human diseases. Despite this importance, the in\&nbsp;vivo activity dynamics of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the effects of locomotion on the activity of IPCs in Drosophila. Using in\&nbsp;vivo electrophysiology and calcium imaging, we found that IPCs were strongly inhibited during walking and flight and that their activity rebounded and overshot after cessation of locomotion. Moreover, IPC activity changed rapidly during behavioral transitions, revealing that IPCs are modulated on fast timescales in behaving animals. Optogenetic activation of locomotor networks ex\&nbsp;vivo, in the absence of actual locomotion or changes in hemolymph sugar levels, was sufficient to inhibit IPCs. This demonstrates that the behavioral state-dependent inhibition of IPCs is actively controlled by neuronal pathways and is independent of changes in glucose concentration. By contrast, the overshoot in IPC activity after locomotion was absent ex\&nbsp;vivo and after starvation, indicating that it was not purely driven by feedforward signals but additionally required feedback derived from changes in hemolymph sugar concentration. We hypothesize that IPC inhibition during locomotion supports mobilization of fuel stores during metabolically demanding behaviors, while the rebound in IPC activity after locomotion contributes to replenishing muscle glycogen stores. In addition, the rapid dynamics of IPC modulation support a potential role of insulin in the state-dependent modulation of sensorimotor processing.</p>
},
	issn = {1879-0445},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.005},
	author = {Liessem, Sander and Held, Martina and Bisen, Rituja S and Haberkern, Hannah and Lacin, Haluk and Bockem{\"u}hl, Till and Ache, Jan M}
}
@article {65871,
	title = {Distributed control of motor circuits for backward walking in Drosophila.},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020 Dec 02},
	pages = {6166},
	abstract = {<p>How do descending inputs from the brain control leg motor circuits to change how an animal walks? Conceptually, descending neurons are thought to function either as command-type neurons, in which a single type of descending neuron exerts a high-level control to elicit a coordinated change in motor output, or through a population coding mechanism, whereby a group of neurons, each with local effects, act in combination to elicit a global motor response. The Drosophila Moonwalker Descending Neurons (MDNs), which alter leg motor circuit dynamics so that the fly walks backwards, exemplify the command-type mechanism. Here, we identify several dozen MDN target neurons within the leg motor circuits, and show that two of them mediate distinct and highly-specific changes in leg muscle activity during backward walking: LBL40 neurons provide the hindleg power stroke during stance phase; LUL130 neurons lift the legs at the end of stance to initiate swing. Through these two effector neurons, MDN directly controls both the stance and swing phases of the backward stepping cycle. These findings suggest that command-type descending neurons can also operate through the distributed control of local motor circuits.</p>
},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-19936-x},
	author = {Feng, Kai and Sen, Rajyashree and minegishi, ryo and D{\"u}bbert, Michael and Bockem{\"u}hl, Till and B{\"u}schges, Ansgar and Dickson, Barry J}
}
