@article {67763, title = {An adaptive optics module for deep tissue multiphoton imaging in vivo.}, journal = {Nature Methods}, volume = {18}, year = {2021}, month = {2021 Oct 01}, pages = {1259-1264}, abstract = {

Understanding complex biological systems requires visualizing structures and processes deep within living organisms. We developed a compact adaptive optics module and incorporated it into two- and three-photon fluorescence microscopes, to measure and correct tissue-induced aberrations. We resolved synaptic structures in deep cortical and subcortical areas of the mouse brain, and demonstrated high-resolution imaging of neuronal structures and somatosensory-evoked calcium responses in the mouse spinal cord at great depths in vivo.

}, issn = {1548-7105}, doi = {10.1038/s41592-021-01279-0}, author = {Rodriguez, Cristina and Chen, Anderson and Rivera, Jos{\'e} A and Mohr, Manuel A and Liang, Yajie and Natan, Ryan G and Sun, Wenzhi and Milkie, Daniel E and Bifano, Thomas G and Chen, Xiaoke and Ji, Na} } @article {4385, title = {A gustotopic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain.}, journal = {Science}, volume = {333}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Sep 2}, pages = {1262-6}, abstract = {

The taste system is one of our fundamental senses, responsible for detecting and responding to sweet, bitter, umami, salty, and sour stimuli. In the tongue, the five basic tastes are mediated by separate classes of taste receptor cells each finely tuned to a single taste quality. We explored the logic of taste coding in the brain by examining how sweet, bitter, umami, and salty qualities are represented in the primary taste cortex of mice. We used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate topographic segregation in the functional architecture of the gustatory cortex. Each taste quality is represented in its own separate cortical field, revealing the existence of a gustotopic map in the brain. These results expose the basic logic for the central representation of taste.

}, keywords = {Afferent Pathways, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cycloheximide, Inbred C57BL, Knockout, Mice, Molecular Imaging, Neurons, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Glutamate, Sweetening Agents, Taste, Taste Buds}, issn = {1095-9203}, doi = {10.1126/science.1204076}, author = {Chen, Xiaoke and Gabitto, Mariano and Peng, Yueqing and Ryba, Nicholas J P and Zuker, Charles S} } @article {1773, title = {The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {442}, year = {2006}, month = {2006 Aug 24}, pages = {934-8}, abstract = {

Mammals taste many compounds yet use a sensory palette consisting of only five basic taste modalities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although this repertoire may seem modest, it provides animals with critical information about the nature and quality of food. Sour taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of acidic (for example, spoiled or unripe) food sources. We have used a combination of bioinformatics, genetic and functional studies to identify PKD2L1, a polycystic-kidney-disease-like ion channel, as a candidate mammalian sour taste sensor. In the tongue, PKD2L1 is expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells distinct from those responsible for sweet, bitter and umami taste. To examine the role of PKD2L1-expressing taste cells in vivo, we engineered mice with targeted genetic ablations of selected populations of taste receptor cells. Animals lacking PKD2L1-expressing cells are completely devoid of taste responses to sour stimuli. Notably, responses to all other tastants remained unaffected, proving that the segregation of taste qualities even extends to ionic stimuli. Our results now establish independent cellular substrates for four of the five basic taste modalities, and support a comprehensive labelled-line mode of taste coding at the periphery. Notably, PKD2L1 is also expressed in specific neurons surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord. Here we demonstrate that these PKD2L1-expressing neurons send projections to the central canal, and selectively trigger action potentials in response to decreases in extracellular pH. We propose that these cells correspond to the long-sought components of the cerebrospinal fluid chemosensory system. Taken together, our results suggest a common basis for acid sensing in disparate physiological settings.

}, keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Calcium Channels, Cell Surface, Computational Biology, Gene Expression Profiling, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Neurons, Phosphoproteins, Receptors, Spinal Cord, Taste, Tongue, Transgenic}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature05084}, author = {Huang, Angela L and Chen, Xiaoke and Hoon, Mark A and Chandrashekar, Jayaram and Guo, Wei and Tr{\"a}nkner, Dimitri and Ryba, Nicholas J P and Zuker, Charles S} }