@article {46524,
	title = {Dual-channel circuit mapping reveals sensorimotor convergence in the primary motor cortex.},
	journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Mar 11},
	pages = {4418-26},
	abstract = {<p>Cortical cells integrate synaptic input from multiple sources, but how these different inputs are distributed across individual neurons is largely unknown. Differences in input might account for diverse responses in neighboring neurons during behavior. We present a strategy for comparing the strengths of multiple types of input onto the same neuron. We developed methods for independent dual-channel photostimulation of synaptic inputs using ChR2 together with ReaChR, a red-shifted channelrhodopsin. We used dual-channel photostimulation to probe convergence of sensory information in the mouse primary motor cortex. Input from somatosensory cortex and thalamus converges in individual neurons. Similarly, inputs from distinct somatotopic regions of the somatosensory cortex are integrated at the level of single motor cortex neurons. We next developed a ReaChR transgenic mouse under the control of both Flp- and Cre-recombinases that is an effective tool for circuit mapping. Our approach to dual-channel photostimulation enables quantitative comparison of the strengths of multiple pathways across all length scales of the brain.</p>
},
	issn = {1529-2401},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3741-14.2015},
	author = {Hooks, Bryan M and Lin, John Y and Guo, Caiying and Svoboda, Karel}
}
@article {6509,
	title = {Toward the second generation of optogenetic tools.},
	journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Nov 10},
	pages = {14998-5004},
	abstract = {<p>This mini-symposium aims to provide an integrated perspective on recent developments in optogenetics. Research in this emerging field combines optical methods with targeted expression of genetically encoded, protein-based probes to achieve experimental manipulation and measurement of neural systems with superior temporal and spatial resolution. The essential components of the optogenetic toolbox consist of two kinds of molecular devices: actuators and reporters, which respectively enable light-mediated control or monitoring of molecular processes. The first generation of genetically encoded calcium reporters, fluorescent proteins, and neural activators has already had a great impact on neuroscience. Now, a second generation of voltage reporters, neural silencers, and functionally extended fluorescent proteins hold great promise for continuing this revolution. In this review, we will evaluate and highlight the limitations of presently available optogenic tools and discuss where these technologies and their applications are headed in the future.</p>
},
	keywords = {Fluorescent Dyes, Genetic Engineering, Neurosciences},
	issn = {1529-2401},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4190-10.2010},
	author = {Kn{\"o}pfel, Thomas and Lin, Michael Z and Levskaya, Anselm and Tian, Lin and Lin, John Y and Boyden, Edward S}
}
