@article {4404,
	title = {Comprehensive survey of developmental genes in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum: frequent lineage-specific duplications and losses of developmental genes.},
	journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},
	volume = {19 Suppl 2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010 Mar},
	pages = {47-62},
	abstract = {<p>Aphids exhibit unique attributes, such as polyphenisms and specialized cells to house endosymbionts, that make them an interesting system for studies at the interface of ecology, evolution and development. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of the developmental genes in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and compare our results to other sequenced insects. We investigated genes involved in fundamental developmental processes such as establishment of the body plan and organogenesis, focusing on transcription factors and components of signalling pathways. We found that most developmental genes were well conserved in the pea aphid, although many lineage-specific gene duplications and gene losses have occurred in several gene families. In particular, genetic components of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) Wnt, JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) pathways appear to have been significantly modified in the pea aphid.</p>
},
	keywords = {Amino Acid, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Aphids, Body Patterning, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Female, Gene Deletion, Gene Duplication, Genes, Genome, Homeobox, Insect, Insect Proteins, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Peas, Phylogeny, Receptors, Sequence Homology, Signal Transduction, Transcription Factors},
	issn = {1365-2583},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00944.x},
	author = {Shigenobu, S and Bickel, R D and Brisson, J A and Butts, T and Chang, C-C and Christiaens, O and Davis, G K and Duncan, E J and Ferrier, D E K and Iga, M and Janssen, R and Lin, G-W and Lu, H-L and McGregor, A P and Miura, T and Smagghe, G and Smith, J M and van der Zee, M and Velarde, R A and Wilson, M J and Dearden, P K and Stern, D L}
}
@article {45747,
	title = {Wing dimorphism in aphids.},
	journal = {Heredity (Edinb)},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006 Sep},
	pages = {192-9},
	abstract = {<p>Many species of insects display dispersing and nondispersing morphs. Among these, aphids are one of the best examples of taxa that have evolved specialized morphs for dispersal versus reproduction. The dispersing morphs typically possess a full set of wings as well as a sensory and reproductive physiology that is adapted to flight and reproducing in a new location. In contrast, the nondispersing morphs are wingless and show adaptations to maximize fecundity. In this review, we provide an overview of the major features of the aphid wing dimorphism. We first provide a description of the dimorphism and an overview of its phylogenetic distribution. We then review what is known about the mechanisms underlying the dimorphism and end by discussing its evolutionary aspects.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Aphids, Biological Evolution, Female, Hormones, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Wing},
	issn = {0018-067X},
	doi = {10.1038/sj.hdy.6800863},
	author = {Braendle, C and Davis, G K and Brisson, J A and Stern, D L}
}
