@article {49124,
	title = {Low-dimensional and monotonic preparatory activity in mouse anterior lateral motor cortex.},
	journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Apr 25},
	pages = {4163-85},
	abstract = {<p>Neurons in multiple brain regions fire trains of action potentials anticipating specific movements, but this {\textquoteright}preparatory activity{\textquoteright} has not been systematically compared across behavioral tasks. We compared preparatory activity in auditory and tactile delayed-response tasks in male mice. Skilled, directional licking was the motor output. The anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) is necessary for motor planning in both tasks. Multiple features of ALM preparatory activity during the delay epoch were similar across tasks. First, majority of neurons showed direction-selective activity and spatially intermingled neurons were selective for either movement direction. Second, many cells showed mixed coding of sensory stimulus and licking direction, with a bias toward licking direction. Third, delay activity was monotonic and low-dimensional. Fourth, pairs of neurons with similar direction selectivity showed high spike-count correlations. Our study forms the foundation to analyze the neural circuit mechanisms underlying preparatory activity in a genetically tractable model organism.Short-term memories link events separated in time. Neurons in frontal cortex fire trains of action potentials anticipating specific movements, often seconds before the movement. This {\textquoteright}preparatory activity{\textquoteright} has been observed in multiple brain regions, but has rarely been compared systematically across behavioral tasks in the same brain region. To identify common features of preparatory activity, we developed and compared preparatory activity in auditory and tactile delayed-response tasks in mice. The same cortical area is necessary for both tasks. Multiple features of preparatory activity, measured with high-density silicon probes, were similar across tasks. We find that preparatory activity is low-dimensional and monotonic. Our study forms the foundation to analyze the circuit mechanisms underlying preparatory activity in a genetically tractable model organism.</p>
},
	issn = {1529-2401},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3152-17.2018},
	author = {Inagaki, Hidehiko K and Inagaki, Miho and Romani, Sandro and Svoboda, Karel}
}
@article {46306,
	title = {Learning in realistic networks of spiking neurons and spike-driven plastic synapses.},
	journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005 Jun},
	pages = {3143-60},
	abstract = {<p>We have used simulations to study the learning dynamics of an autonomous, biologically realistic recurrent network of spiking neurons connected via plastic synapses, subjected to a stream of stimulus-delay trials, in which one of a set of stimuli is presented followed by a delay. Long-term plasticity, produced by the neural activity experienced during training, structures the network and endows it with active (working) memory, i.e. enhanced, selective delay activity for every stimulus in the training set. Short-term plasticity produces transient synaptic depression. Each stimulus used in training excites a selective subset of neurons in the network, and stimuli can share neurons (overlapping stimuli). Long-term plasticity dynamics are driven by presynaptic spikes and coincident postsynaptic depolarization; stability is ensured by a refresh mechanism. In the absence of stimulation, the acquired synaptic structure persists for a very long time. The dependence of long-term plasticity dynamics on the characteristics of the stimulus response (average emission rates, time course and synchronization), and on the single-cell emission statistics (coefficient of variation) is studied. The study clarifies the specific roles of short-term synaptic depression, NMDA receptors, stimulus representation overlaps, selective stimulation of inhibition, and spike asynchrony during stimulation. Patterns of network spiking activity before, during and after training reproduce most of the in vivo physiological observations in the literature.</p>
},
	keywords = {Action Potentials, Animals, Central Nervous System, Electric Stimulation, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Nerve Net, Neural Inhibition, Neural Networks (Computer), Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission},
	issn = {0953-816X},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04087.x},
	author = {Mongillo, Gianluigi and Curti, Emanuele and Romani, Sandro and Amit, Daniel J}
}
