@article {46366,
	title = {Adenotrophic viviparity in tsetse flies: potential for population control and as an insect model for lactation.},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Jan 7},
	pages = {351-71},
	abstract = {<p>Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), vectors of African trypanosomes, are distinguished by their specialized reproductive biology, defined by adenotrophic viviparity (maternal nourishment of progeny by glandular secretions followed by live birth). This trait has evolved infrequently among insects and requires unique reproductive mechanisms. A key event in Glossina reproduction involves the transition between periods of lactation and nonlactation (dry periods). Increased lipolysis, nutrient transfer to the milk gland, and milk-specific protein production characterize lactation, which terminates at the birth of the progeny and is followed by a period of involution. The dry stage coincides with embryogenesis of the progeny, during which lipid reserves accumulate in preparation for the next round of lactation. The obligate bacterial symbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia is critical to tsetse reproduction and likely provides B vitamins required for metabolic processes underlying lactation and/or progeny development. Here we describe findings that utilized transcriptomics, physiological assays, and RNA interference-based functional analysis to understand different components of adenotrophic viviparity in tsetse flies.</p>
},
	issn = {1545-4487},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020834},
	author = {Benoit, Joshua B and Attardo, Geoffrey M and Baumann, Aaron A and Michalkova, Veronika and Aksoy, Serap}
}
@article {6390,
	title = {Juvenile hormone and insulin suppress lipolysis between periods of lactation during tsetse fly pregnancy.},
	journal = {Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology},
	volume = {372},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013 Jun 15},
	pages = {30-41},
	abstract = {<p>Tsetse flies are viviparous insects that nurture a single intrauterine progeny per gonotrophic cycle. The developing larva is nourished by the lipid-rich, milk-like secretions from a modified female accessory gland (milk gland). An essential feature of the lactation process involves lipid mobilization for incorporation into the milk. In this study, we examined roles for juvenile hormone (JH) and insulin/IGF-like (IIS) signaling pathways during tsetse pregnancy. In particular, we examined the roles for these pathways in regulating lipid homeostasis during transitions between non-lactating (dry) and lactating periods. The dry period occurs over the course of oogenesis and embryogenesis, while the lactation period spans intrauterine larvigenesis. Genes involved in the JH and IIS pathways were upregulated during dry periods, correlating with lipid accumulation between bouts of lactation. RNAi suppression of Forkhead Box Sub Group O (FOXO) expression impaired lipolysis during tsetse lactation and reduced fecundity. Similar reduction of the JH receptor Methoprene tolerant (Met), but not its paralog germ cell expressed (gce), reduced lipid accumulation during dry periods, indicating functional divergence between Met and gce during tsetse reproduction. Reduced lipid levels following Met knockdown led to impaired fecundity due to inadequate fat reserves at the initiation of milk production. Both the application of the JH analog (JHA) methoprene and injection of insulin into lactating females increased stored lipids by suppressing lipolysis and reduced transcripts of lactation-specific genes, leading to elevated rates of larval abortion. To our knowledge, this study is the first to address the molecular physiology of JH and IIS in a viviparous insect, and specifically to provide a role for JH signaling through Met in the regulation of lipid metabolism during insect lactation.</p>
},
	issn = {1872-8057},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mce.2013.02.019},
	author = {Baumann, Aaron A and Benoit, Joshua B and Michalkova, Veronika and Mireji, Paul O and Attardo, Geoffrey M and Moulton, John K and Wilson, Thomas G and Aksoy, Serap}
}
