@article {6827,
	title = {Parallel neural pathways mediate CO2 avoidance responses in Drosophila.},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {340},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013 Jun 14},
	pages = {1338-41},
	abstract = {<p>Different stimulus intensities elicit distinct perceptions, implying that input signals are either conveyed through an overlapping but distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons or channeled into divergent brain circuits according to intensity. In Drosophila, carbon dioxide (CO2) is detected by a single type of olfactory sensory neuron, but information is conveyed to higher brain centers through second-order projection neurons (PNs). Two distinct pathways, PN(v)-1 and PN(v)-2, are necessary and sufficient for avoidance responses to low and high CO2 concentrations, respectively. Whereas low concentrations activate PN(v)-1, high concentrations activate both PN(v)s and GABAergic PN(v)-3, which may inhibit PN(v)-1 pathway-mediated avoidance behavior. Channeling a sensory input into distinct neural pathways allows the perception of an odor to be further modulated by both stimulus intensity and context.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Carbon Dioxide, Drosophila melanogaster, Escape Reaction, Olfactory Pathways, Olfactory Receptor Neurons},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1236693},
	author = {Lin, Hui-Hao and Chu, Li-An and Fu, Tsai-Feng and Dickson, Barry J and Chiang, Ann-Shyn}
}
@article {4304,
	title = {Serotonin-mushroom body circuit modulating the formation of anesthesia-resistant memory in Drosophila.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Aug 16},
	pages = {13794-9},
	abstract = {<p>Pavlovian olfactory learning in Drosophila produces two genetically distinct forms of intermediate-term memories: anesthesia-sensitive memory, which requires the amnesiac gene, and anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM), which requires the radish gene. Here, we report that ARM is specifically enhanced or inhibited in flies with elevated or reduced serotonin (5HT) levels, respectively. The requirement for 5HT was additive with the memory defect of the amnesiac mutation but was occluded by the radish mutation. This result suggests that 5HT and Radish protein act on the same pathway for ARM formation. Three supporting lines of evidence indicate that ARM formation requires 5HT released from only two dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons onto the mushroom bodies (MBs), the olfactory learning and memory center in Drosophila: (i) DPM neurons were 5HT-antibody immunopositive; (ii) temporal inhibition of 5HT synthesis or release from DPM neurons, but not from other serotonergic neurons, impaired ARM formation; (iii) knocking down the expression of d5HT1A serotonin receptors in α/β MB neurons, which are innervated by DPM neurons, inhibited ARM formation. Thus, in addition to the Amnesiac peptide required for anesthesia-sensitive memory formation, the two DPM neurons also release 5HT acting on MB neurons for ARM formation.</p>
},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1019483108},
	author = {Lee, Pei-Tseng and Lin, Hsuan-Wen and Chang, Yu-Hsuan and Fu, Tsai-Feng and Dubnau, Josh and Hirsh, Jay and Lee, Tzumin and Chiang, Ann-Shyn}
}
