@article {67962,
	title = {Motor cortical output for skilled forelimb movement is selectively distributed across projection neuron classes.},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022 Mar 11},
	pages = {eabj5167},
	abstract = {<p>The interaction of descending neocortical outputs and subcortical premotor circuits is critical for shaping skilled movements. Two broad classes of motor cortical output projection neurons provide input to many subcortical motor areas: pyramidal tract (PT) neurons, which project throughout the neuraxis, and intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, which project within the cortex and subcortical striatum. It is unclear whether these classes are functionally in series or whether each class carries distinct components of descending motor control signals. Here, we combine large-scale neural recordings across all layers of motor cortex with cell type-specific perturbations to study cortically dependent mouse motor behaviors: kinematically variable manipulation of a joystick and a kinematically precise reach-to-grasp. We find that striatum-projecting IT neuron activity preferentially represents amplitude, whereas pons-projecting PT neurons preferentially represent the variable direction of forelimb movements. Thus, separable components of descending motor cortical commands are distributed across motor cortical projection cell classes.</p>
},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abj5167},
	author = {Park, Junchol and Phillips, James W and Guo, Jian-Zhong and Martin, Kathleen A and Hantman, Adam W and Dudman, Joshua T}
}
@article {47036,
	title = {Dopamine is required for the neural representation and control of movement vigor.},
	journal = {Cell},
	volume = {162},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 Sep 10},
	pages = {1418-30},
	abstract = {<p>Progressive depletion of midbrain dopamine neurons (PDD) is associated with deficits in the initiation, speed, and fluidity of voluntary movement. Models of\&nbsp;basal ganglia function focus on initiation deficits; however, it is unclear how they account for deficits in the speed or amplitude of movement (vigor). Using an effort-based operant conditioning task for head-fixed mice, we discovered distinct functional classes of neurons in the dorsal striatum that represent movement vigor. Mice with PDD exhibited a progressive reduction in vigor, along with a selective impairment of its neural representation in striatum. Restoration of dopaminergic tone with a synthetic precursor ameliorated deficits in movement vigor and its neural representation, while suppression of striatal activity during movement was sufficient to reduce vigor. Thus, dopaminergic input to the dorsal striatum is indispensable for the emergence of striatal activity that mediates adaptive changes in movement vigor. These results suggest refined intervention strategies for Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.014},
	author = {Panigrahi, Babita and Martin, Kathleen A and Li, Yi and Graves, Austin R and Vollmer, Alison and Olson, Lars and Mensh, Brett D and Karpova, Alla Y and Dudman, Joshua T}
}
