@article {47673,
	title = {Principles and current strategies for targeting autophagy for cancer treatment.},
	journal = {Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011 Feb 15},
	pages = {654-66},
	abstract = {<p>Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, intracellular self-defense mechanism in which organelles and proteins are sequestered into autophagic vesicles that are subsequently degraded through fusion with lysosomes. Cells, thereby, prevent the toxic accumulation of damaged or unnecessary components, but also recycle these components to sustain metabolic homoeostasis. Heightened autophagy is a mechanism of resistance for cancer cells faced with metabolic and therapeutic stress, revealing opportunities for exploitation as a therapeutic target in cancer. We summarize recent developments in the field of autophagy and cancer and build upon the results presented at the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) Early Drug Development meeting in March 2010. Herein, we describe our current understanding of the core components of the autophagy machinery and the functional relevance of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment, and we outline how this knowledge has informed preclinical investigations combining the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Finally, we describe ongoing clinical trials involving HCQ as a first generation autophagy inhibitor, as well as strategies for the development of novel, more potent, and specific inhibitors of autophagy.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Autophagy, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Cytoplasmic Vesicles, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, Immune Tolerance, Immunotherapy, Inflammation, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Neoplasms, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, Signal Transduction},
	issn = {1078-0432},
	doi = {10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2634},
	author = {Amaravadi, Ravi K and Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer and Yin, Xiao-Ming and Weiss, William A and Takebe, Naoko and Timmer, William and DiPaola, Robert S and Lotze, Michael T and White, Eileen}
}
