@article {69774, title = {Neuropixels Opto: Combining high-resolution electrophysiology and optogenetics}, journal = {Nat Methods}, year = {2026}, month = {2026 Jun 01}, abstract = {

High-resolution extracellular electrophysiology is the gold standard for recording spikes from distributed neural populations and is especially powerful when combined with optogenetics for manipulation of specific cell types with high temporal resolution. We integrated these approaches into prototype Neuropixels Opto probes, which combine electronic and photonic circuits. These devices pack 960 electrical recording sites and two sets of 14 light emitters onto a 70-μm-wide, 1-cm-long shank, allowing spatially addressable optogenetic stimulation with blue and red light. In mouse cortex, Neuropixels Opto probes delivered high-quality recordings together with spatially addressable optogenetics, differentially activating or silencing neurons at distinct cortical depths. In the mouse striatum and other deep structures, Neuropixels Opto probes delivered efficient optotagging, facilitating the identification of two cell types in parallel. Neuropixels Opto probes represent a promising tool for recording, identifying and manipulating neuronal populations.

}, doi = {10.1038/s41592-026-03076-z}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-026-03076-z}, author = {Lakunina, Anna and Socha, Karolina Z and Ladd, Alexander and Bowen, Anna J and Chen, Susu and Colonell, Jennifer and Doshi, Anjal and Karsh, Bill and Krumin, Michael and Kulik, Pavel and Li, Anna and Neutens, Pieter and O{\textquoteright}Callaghan, John and Olsen, Meghan and Putzeys, Jan and Tilmans, Harrie AC and Ye, Zhiwen and Welkenhuysen, Marleen and H{\"a}usser, Michael and Koch, Christof and Ting, Jonathan T. and Neuropixels Opto Consortium and Dutta, Barun and Harris, Timothy D and Steinmetz, Nicholas A and Svoboda, Karel and Siegle, Joshua H and Carandini, Matteo} } @article {65615, title = {Arousal modulates retinal output.}, journal = {Neuron}, volume = {107}, year = {2020}, month = {2020 Aug 01}, pages = {487}, abstract = {

At various stages of the visual system, visual responses are modulated by arousal. Here, we find that in mice this modulation operates as early as in the first synapse from the retina and even in retinal axons. To measure retinal activity in the awake, intact brain, we imaged the synaptic boutons of retinal axons in the superior colliculus. Their activity depended not only on vision but also on running speed and pupil size, regardless of retinal illumination. Arousal typically reduced their visual responses and selectivity for direction and orientation. Recordings from retinal axons in the optic tract revealed that arousal modulates the firing of some retinal ganglion cells. Arousal had similar effects postsynaptically in colliculus neurons, independent of activity in the other main source of visual inputs to the colliculus, the primary visual cortex. These results indicate that arousal modulates activity at every stage of the mouse visual system.

}, issn = {1097-4199}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.026}, author = {Schr{\"o}der, Sylvia and Steinmetz, Nicholas A and Krumin, Michael and Pachitariu, Marius and Rizzi, Matteo and Lagnado, Leon and Harris, Kenneth D and Carandini, Matteo} } @article {48839, title = {Vision and locomotion shape the interactions between neuron types in mouse visual cortex.}, journal = {Neuron}, volume = {98}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 May 2}, pages = {602-15}, abstract = {

Cortical computation arises from the interaction of multiple neuronal\ types, including pyramidal (Pyr) cells and interneurons expressing Sst, Vip, or Pvalb. To study the circuit underlying such\ interactions, we imaged these four\ types\ of cells in\ mouse\ primary\ visual\ cortex(V1). Our recordings in darkness were consistent with a "disinhibitory" model in which\ locomotion\ activates Vip cells, thus inhibiting Sst cells and disinhibiting Pyr cells. However, the disinhibitory model failed when\ visual\ stimuli were present:\ locomotion\ increased Sst cell responses to large stimuli and Vip cell responses to small stimuli. A recurrent network model successfully predicted each cell type{\textquoteright}s activity from the measured activity of other\ types. Capturing the effects of\ locomotion, however, required allowing it to increase feedforward synaptic weights and modulate recurrent weights. This network model summarizes interneuron\ interactions\ and suggests that\ locomotion\ may alter cortical computation by changing effective synaptic connectivity.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1101/058396}, author = {Dipoppa, Mario and Ranson, Adam and Krumin, Michael and Pachitariu, Marius and Carandini, Matteo and Harris, Kenneth D} }