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131 Publications

Showing 91-100 of 131 results
04/06/16 | Steroid receptors reprogram FoxA1 occupancy through dynamic chromatin transitions.
Swinstead EE, Miranda TB, Paakinaho V, Baek S, Goldstein I, Hawkins M, Karpova TS, Ball D, Mazza D, Lavis LD, Grimm JB, Morisaki T, Grøntved L, Presman DM, Hager GL
Cell. 2016 Apr 6:. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.067

The estrogen receptor (ER), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and forkhead box protein 1 (FoxA1) are significant factors in breast cancer progression. FoxA1 has been implicated in establishing ER-binding patterns though its unique ability to serve as a pioneer factor. However, the molecular interplay between ER, GR, and FoxA1 requires further investigation. Here we show that ER and GR both have the ability to alter the genomic distribution of the FoxA1 pioneer factor. Single-molecule tracking experiments in live cells reveal a highly dynamic interaction of FoxA1 with chromatin in vivo. Furthermore, the FoxA1 factor is not associated with detectable footprints at its binding sites throughout the genome. These findings support a model wherein interactions between transcription factors and pioneer factors are highly dynamic. Moreover, at a subset of genomic sites, the role of pioneer can be reversed, with the steroid receptors serving to enhance binding of FoxA1.

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03/07/16 | High-density three-dimensional localization microscopy across large volumes.
Legant WR, Shao L, Grimm JB, Brown TA, Milkie DE, Avants BB, Lavis LD, Betzig E
Nature Methods. 2016 Mar 7:. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3797

Extending three-dimensional (3D) single-molecule localization microscopy away from the coverslip and into thicker specimens will greatly broaden its biological utility. However, because of the limitations of both conventional imaging modalities and conventional labeling techniques, it is a challenge to localize molecules in three dimensions with high precision in such samples while simultaneously achieving the labeling densities required for high resolution of densely crowded structures. Here we combined lattice light-sheet microscopy with newly developed, freely diffusing, cell-permeable chemical probes with targeted affinity for DNA, intracellular membranes or the plasma membrane. We used this combination to perform high-localization precision, ultrahigh-labeling density, multicolor localization microscopy in samples up to 20 μm thick, including dividing cells and the neuromast organ of a zebrafish embryo. We also demonstrate super-resolution correlative imaging with protein-specific photoactivable fluorophores, providing a mutually compatible, single-platform alternative to correlative light-electron microscopy over large volumes.

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02/17/16 | Virginia Orange: A versatile, red-shifted fluorescein scaffold for single- and dual-input fluorogenic probes.
Grimm JB, Gruber TD, Ortiz G, Brown TA, Lavis LD
Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2016 Feb 17;27(2):474-80. doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00566

Fluorogenic molecules are important tools for biological and biochemical research. The majority of fluorogenic compounds have a simple input-output relationship, where a single chemical input yields a fluorescent output. Development of new systems where multiple inputs converge to yield an optical signal could refine and extend fluorogenic compounds by allowing greater spatiotemporal control over the fluorescent signal. Here, we introduce a new red-shifted fluorescein derivative, Virginia Orange, as an exceptional scaffold for single- and dual-input fluorogenic molecules. Unlike fluorescein, installation of a single masking group on Virginia Orange is sufficient to fully suppress fluorescence, allowing preparation of fluorogenic enzyme substrates with rapid, single-hit kinetics. Virginia Orange can also be masked with two independent moieties; both of these masking groups must be removed to induce fluorescence. This allows facile construction of multi-input fluorogenic probes for sophisticated sensing regimes and genetic targeting of latent fluorophores to specific cellular populations.

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01/20/16 | A platform for brain-wide imaging and reconstruction of individual neurons.
Economo MN, Clack NG, Lavis LD, Gerfen CR, Svoboda K, Myers EW, Chandrashekar J
eLife. 2016 Jan 20;5:. doi: 10.7554/eLife.10566

The structure of axonal arbors controls how signals from individual neurons are routed within the mammalian brain. However, the arbors of very few long-range projection neurons have been reconstructed in their entirety, as axons with diameters as small as 100 nm arborize in target regions dispersed over many millimeters of tissue. We introduce a platform for high-resolution, three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of complete tissue volumes that enables the visualization and reconstruction of long-range axonal arbors. This platform relies on a high-speed two-photon microscope integrated with a tissue vibratome and a suite of computational tools for large-scale image data. We demonstrate the power of this approach by reconstructing the axonal arbors of multiple neurons in the motor cortex across a single mouse brain.

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12/11/15 | Synthesis of a far-red photoactivatable silicon-containing rhodamine for super-resolution microscopy.
Grimm JB, Klein T, Kopek BG, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Sauer M, Lavis LD
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English). 2015 Dec 11;55(5):1723-7. doi: 10.1002/anie.201509649

The rhodamine system is a flexible framework for building small-molecule fluorescent probes. Changing N-substitution patterns and replacing the xanthene oxygen with a dimethylsilicon moiety can shift the absorption and fluorescence emission maxima of rhodamine dyes to longer wavelengths. Acylation of the rhodamine nitrogen atoms forces the molecule to adopt a nonfluorescent lactone form, providing a convenient method to make fluorogenic compounds. Herein, we take advantage of all of these structural manipulations and describe a novel photoactivatable fluorophore based on a Si-containing analogue of Q-rhodamine. This probe is the first example of a "caged" Si-rhodamine, exhibits higher photon counts compared to established localization microscopy dyes, and is sufficiently red-shifted to allow multicolor imaging. The dye is a useful label for super-resolution imaging and constitutes a new scaffold for far-red fluorogenic molecules.

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07/17/15 | Ketamine Inside Neurons?
Lester HA, Lavis LD, Dougherty DA
American Journal of Psychiatry. 2015 Jul 17;172(11):1064-6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14121537
05/21/15 | Imaging live-cell dynamics and structure at the single-molecule level.
Liu Z, Lavis LD, Betzig E
Molecular Cell. 2015 May 21;58(4):644-59. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.033

Observation of molecular processes inside living cells is fundamental to a quantitative understanding of how biological systems function. Specifically, decoding the complex behavior of single molecules enables us to measure kinetics, transport, and self-assembly at this fundamental level that is often veiled in ensemble experiments. In the past decade, rapid developments in fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and fluorescent labeling techniques have enabled new experiments to investigate the robustness and stochasticity of diverse molecular mechanisms with high spatiotemporal resolution. This review discusses the concepts and strategies of structural and functional imaging in living cells at the single-molecule level with minimal perturbations to the specimen.

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02/10/15 | A sensitive and robust enzyme kinetic experiment using microplates and fluorogenic ester substrates
Johnson RJ, Hoops GC, Savas CJ, Kartje Z, Lavis LD
Journal of Chemical Education. 2015 Feb;92(2):385-8. doi: 10.1021/ed500452f

Enzyme kinetics measurements are a standard component of undergraduate biochemistry laboratories. The combination of serine hydrolases and fluorogenic enzyme substrates provides a rapid, sensitive, and general method for measuring enzyme kinetics in an undergraduate biochemistry laboratory. In this method, the kinetic activity of multiple protein variants is determined in parallel using a microplate reader, multichannel pipets, serial dilutions, and fluorogenic ester substrates. The utility of this methodology is illustrated by the measurement of differential enzyme activity in microplate volumes in triplicate with small protein samples and low activity enzyme variants. Enzyme kinetic measurements using fluorogenic substrates are, thus, adaptable for use with student-purified enzyme variants and for comparative enzyme kinetics studies. The rapid setup and analysis of these kinetic experiments not only provides advanced undergraduates with experience in a fundamental biochemical technique, but also provides the adaptability for use in inquiry-based laboratories.

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01/19/15 | A general method to improve fluorophores for live-cell and single-molecule microscopy.
Grimm JB, English BP, Chen J, Slaughter JP, Zhang Z, Revyakin A, Patel R, Macklin JJ, Normanno D, Singer RH, Lionnet T, Lavis LD
Nature Methods. 2015 Jan 19;12(3):244-50. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3256

Specific labeling of biomolecules with bright fluorophores is the keystone of fluorescence microscopy. Genetically encoded self-labeling tag proteins can be coupled to synthetic dyes inside living cells, resulting in brighter reporters than fluorescent proteins. Intracellular labeling using these techniques requires cell-permeable fluorescent ligands, however, limiting utility to a small number of classic fluorophores. Here we describe a simple structural modification that improves the brightness and photostability of dyes while preserving spectral properties and cell permeability. Inspired by molecular modeling, we replaced the N,N-dimethylamino substituents in tetramethylrhodamine with four-membered azetidine rings. This addition of two carbon atoms doubles the quantum efficiency and improves the photon yield of the dye in applications ranging from in vitro single-molecule measurements to super-resolution imaging. The novel substitution is generalizable, yielding a palette of chemical dyes with improved quantum efficiencies that spans the UV and visible range.

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12/24/14 | 3D imaging of Sox2 enhancer clusters in embryonic stem cells.
Liu Z, Legant WR, Chen B, Li L, Grimm JB, Lavis LD, Betzig E, Tjian R
eLife. 2014 Dec 24;3:. doi: 10.7554/eLife.04236

Combinatorial cis-regulatory networks encoded in animal genomes represent the foundational gene expression mechanism for directing cell-fate commitment and maintenance of cell identity by transcription factors (TFs). However, the 3D spatial organization of cis-elements and how such sub-nuclear structures influence TF activity remain poorly understood. Here, we combine lattice light-sheet imaging, single-molecule tracking, numerical simulations, and ChIP-exo mapping to localize and functionally probe Sox2 enhancer-organization in living embryonic stem cells. Sox2 enhancers form 3D-clusters that are segregated from heterochromatin but overlap with a subset of Pol II enriched regions. Sox2 searches for specific binding targets via a 3D-diffusion dominant mode when shuttling long-distances between clusters while chromatin-bound states predominate within individual clusters. Thus, enhancer clustering may reduce global search efficiency but enables rapid local fine-tuning of TF search parameters. Our results suggest an integrated model linking cis-element 3D spatial distribution to local-versus-global target search modalities essential for regulating eukaryotic gene transcription.

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